Relational databases split data into multiple tables to avoid redundancy — students in one table, courses in another, enrollments in a third. JOINs bring that data back together at query time. Mastering INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, and when to use each is the single biggest skill jump in your SQL journey.
1-A 2-B 3-A 4-C | 5 ON 6 foreign 7 = SELECT o.id, u.name FROM orders o INNER JOIN users u ON u.id = o.user_id; 8 = LEFT JOIN orders o ON o.user_id = u.id 9 = LEFT JOIN ... WHERE o.id IS NULL | 10 = INNER = matches only; LEFT = all left rows + NULLs for no match