🎯 What you'll learn: How ICMP provides diagnostic and error-reporting services at Layer 3, ICMPv4 message types and codes, ICMPv6 and Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP), using ping and traceroute to test connectivity, and a practical troubleshooting methodology using ICMP tools.
1-A 2-A 3-A 4-A | 5 reachability/connectivity 6 exceeded 7 = DNS resolution, not connectivity 8 = Sends packet with TTL=3; third router drops it and replies time-exceeded 9 = Host down, firewall blocking ICMP, routing/gateway issue | 10 = Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement